Working papers
ILO Working paper 135
Protecting whistle-blowers in the public service: A global survey of whistle-blowing laws applicable to the public service sector
This paper provides an analysis of national laws relevant to whistle-blowers in the public sector across 67 ILO Member States.
ILO Working Paper 134
Wages in African public administrations: Where do we stand?
ILO Working Paper 133
Labour market trajectories, social protection and the green transition in France and Viet Nam
This working paper explores labour market transitions to green jobs in France and Viet Nam, analyzing the role of social protection in facilitating these shifts. By adopting a task-based definition of green occupations, it examines the impact of...
ILO Working paper 132
Making social protection work for gender equality: What does it look like? How do we get there?
This paper outlines the perspective and approach of the ILO’s Universal Social Protection Department to enhancing the gender-responsiveness of social protection policies, anchored in international social security standards and guided by a life-cycle...
ILO Working Paper 131
A study on the employment and wage outcomes of persons living with a same-sex partner
This study examines the labour market disparities faced by same-sex couples across nine countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, France, Mexico, Thailand, the United States of America and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela), extending the...
ILO Working Paper 130
Sustainable industrial policies and strategies in the textiles and clothing sector: Lessons learned from Cambodia, Jordan and Viet Nam
ILO Working Paper 129
Industrial relations in micro and small enterprises: patterns, trends and prospects
ILO Working paper 128
Combating inequalities: what role for universal social protection?
The primary aim of this study is to provide evidence regarding the impact of social protection benefits, taxes and social security contributions in reducing income inequalities. The study employs a well-established methodology to estimate the...
Working Paper 127
Trade Unions, Labour Governance and Economic Upgradation in Value Chains
The paper examines possible mechanisms for trade union engagement in global value chains, especially in the context of emerging human rights due diligence frameworks. By examining existing literature on value chain analysis, trade policy, and...
ILO Working Paper 126
Resolution of labour disputes involving new forms of employment in China
Based on the study of arbitration and judicial cases involving new forms of employment, this working paper identifies and examines notable characteristics of disputes involving new forms of employment. This working paper found that the number of...
Working Paper 125
Adopting green measures in exporting firms: What are the effects on labour market outcomes?
ILO Working Paper 124
A study on the employment and wage outcomes of people with disabilities
This study investigates the employment and wage disparities between people with and without disabilities.
ILO Working Paper 121 - Joint publication ILO-World Bank
Buffer or Bottleneck? Employment Exposure to Generative AI and the Digital Divide in Latin America
In this new paper from the International Labour Organization and the World Bank Group, researchers found that Generative AI could have transformative effects on jobs and livelihoods in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nonetheless, gaps in digital...
ILO Working paper 120
Working conditions of subnational government workers in selected South and South-east Asian countries: Bangladesh, Nepal, Indonesia,...
Working Paper 119
Trade union engagements on the SDGs and union revitalization in five Asian countries
This working paper examines how trade unions in five Asian countries integrate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into national agendas. Through interviews and reviews, it highlights strategies and outcomes of union engagements, showing their...
Working Paper 118
Using foresight to think and act upon an uncertain future world of work
This working paper explores how trade unions worldwide are adapting to transformations in the world of work through strategic foresight. Documenting experiences from 2019-2023, it offers examples and lessons from foresight workshops conducted...
ILO Working paper 117
Women and aviation: Quality jobs, attraction and retention
This paper includes information on some of the current issues faced by women in civil aviation. Through a sectoral gender lens, it examines employment, women’s career cycles and the main decent work opportunities and challenges in the sector. It...
ILO Working Paper 116
Addressing gender-based violence and harassment in a work health and safety framework
This report looks at the implications of addressing gender-based violence and harassment (GBVH) under a work health and safety (WHS) framework.
ILO Working paper 114
Institutional and labour relations regimes promoting decent working conditions for Local and Regional Government (LRG) Workers in Croatia,...
This publication presents a comparative analysis of the Local and Regional Government (LRG) sector workforce in five European countries: Croatia, Germany, Greece, Spain, and Sweden.
ILO Working paper 112
New technologies, e-government and informality
This working paper studies the complex relationship between technology adoption and informality, leveraging recent cross-country data to analyse the effects of mobile phone subscriptions, internet access, automation and e-government on informal...